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The Arabic word ''hijab'' (حجاب) literally translates into English as "veil".〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/hijab_1.shtml )〕 Adherents of Islam believe that it was originally implemented by Allah in order to secure Muhammad's privacy and create a distinction between the public and private spheres of his life. The word ''hijab'' applied to both men and women in terms of protecting both their private lives from outsiders and to protect one's own honor, not in specific relation to one's sexual activity or desires.〔 Muslims are concerned with clothing in two contexts: clothing for everyday wear, inside and outside the house; and clothing required in specifically religious contexts. The Qur'an admonishes Muslim women to dress modestly and cover their breasts and genitals.〔Martin et al. (2003), Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World, Macmillan Reference, ISBN 978-0028656038〕 The Qur'an explicitly states that "O wives of the Prophet, you are not like anyone among women" and as such has separate rules specifically for the wives of the Prophet. Wearing ''hijab'', or ''al-khimar'', is obligatory in Islam, as the quote states "Tell the believing women to put their khimar over their bosoms", all the major Arab translations and dictionaries agree that "al-khimar" means a veil or scarf that a woman uses to cover her head, and "over their bosoms" implies women should cover their breasts, necks etc. The veil re-emerged as a topic of conversation in the 1990s when there was concern regarding potential western infiltration of Muslim practices in Islamic countries. The veil had a new purpose of shielding Muslim women from western influence. There were several religious leaders that reinforced that an additional purpose of the ''hijab'' was to protect the Islamic people and customs. ==Islamic dress in Europe== (詳細はMuslim women, has become a prominent symbol of the presence of Islam in western Europe. In several countries the adherence to ''hijab'' (an Arabic noun meaning "to cover") has led to political controversies and proposals for a legal ban. The Netherlands government has decided to introduce a ban on face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "burqa ban", although it does not only apply to the Afghan-model ''burqa''. Other countries, such as France are debating similar legislation, or have more limited prohibitions. Some of them apply only to face-covering clothing such as the ''burqa'', ''chador'', ''boushiya'', or ''niqab''; some apply to any clothing with an Islamic religious symbolism such as the ''khimar'', a type of headscarf (some countries already have laws banning the wearing of masks in public, which can be applied to veils that conceal the face). The issue has different names in different countries, and "the veil" or "''hijab''" may be used as general terms for the debate, representing more than just the veil itself, or the concept of modesty embodied in ''hijab''. Although the Balkans and Eastern Europe have indigenous Muslim populations, most Muslims in western Europe are members of immigrant communities. The issue of Islamic dress is linked with issues of immigration and the position of Islam in western society. European Commissioner Franco Frattini said in November 2006, that he did not favour a ban on the burqa.〔Reformatorisch dagblad: ''(Brussel tegen boerkaverbod )'', 30 November 2006.〕 This is apparently the first official statement on the issue of prohibition of Islamic dress from the European Commission, the executive of the European Union. The reasons given for prohibition vary. Legal bans on face-covering clothing are often justified on security grounds, as an anti-terrorism measure.〔(Dutch Consider Ban on Burqas in Public ) GREGORY CROUCH, New York Times (November 18, 2006)〕〔(Minister says burka is 'alien', prompting applause from Libs ) DEBBIE GUEST, JODIE MINUS, THE AUSTRALIAN, (APRIL 11, 2011)〕 Ayaan Hirsi Ali sees Islam as incompatible with Western values, at least in its present form. She advocates the values of 'Enlightenment liberalism', including secularism and equality of women. For her, the burqa or chador are both a symbol of religious obscurantism and the oppression of women. Western Enlightenment values, in her view, require prohibition, regardless of whether a woman has freely chosen Islamic dress. Islamic dress is also seen as a symbol of the existence of parallel societies, and the failure of integration: in 2006 British Prime Minister Tony Blair described it as a "mark of separation".〔(Blair's concerns over face veils ) BBC News Online. October 17, 2006.〕 Visible symbols of a non-Christian culture conflict with the national identity in European states, which assumes a shared (non-religious) culture. Proposals for a ban may be linked to other related cultural prohibitions: the Dutch politician Geert Wilders proposed a ban on hijabs, in Islamic schools, in new mosques, and in non-western immigration. In France and Turkey, the emphasis is on the secular nature of the state, and the symbolic nature of the Islamic dress, and bans apply at state institutions (courts, civil service) and in state-funded education. These bans also cover Islamic headscarves, which in some other countries are seen as less controversial, although law court staff in the Netherlands are also forbidden to wear Islamic headscarves on grounds of 'state neutrality'. An apparently less politicised argument is that in specific professions (teaching), a ban on "veils" (niqab) is justified, since face-to-face communication and eye contact is required. This argument has featured prominently in judgements in Britain and the Netherlands, after students or teachers were banned from wearing face-covering clothing. Public and political response to such prohibition proposals is complex, since by definition they mean that the government decides on individual clothing. Some non-Muslims, who would not be affected by a ban, see it as an issue of civil liberties, as a slippery slope leading to further restrictions on private life. A public opinion poll in London showed that 75 percent of Londoners support "the right of all persons to dress in accordance with their religious beliefs".〔Guardian: (Livingstone decries vilification of Islam ), November 20, 2006.〕 In another poll in the United Kingdom by Ipsos MORI, 61 percent agreed that "Muslim women are segregating themselves" by wearing a veil, yet 77 percent thought they should have the right to wear it.〔Ipsos MORI (Muslim Women Wearing Veils ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Islam and clothing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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